Safe Bank

The main objective of the article is to assess the threat of the free credit sanction to both the banking sector and consumers. The sanction of free credit (SKD) leads to depriving the lender of income (such as interest, fees, commissions, premiums, costs, etc.) from the consumer credit granted. If it is applied, the lender loses the revenue due from the credit granted and the borrower is, in principle, only obliged to return the principal of the credit used. In order to familiarise the reader with the issue of SKD, a review of the literature as well as Polish and EU case law was carried out. In the empirical part, on the other hand, an analysis was carried out, based on a comparison of financial data on SKD in individual banks in two periods, i.e. as at 31.12.2023 and 30.06.2024. After an analysis of legislation (in particular Directive 2008/48) and case law, the first hypothesis was confirmed. On the basis of studies of bank data and Poles' attitudes to the withholding of information in the lending process, the second hypothesis was also confirmed, according to which the abuse of SKD poses a threat not only to the banking sector, but also to the beneficiaries themselves - consumers.

The article examines the potential use of fund transfer pricing (FTP) as an internal management tool supporting the development of green assets in the banking sector under increasing regulatory pressure related to climate risk. It argues that FTP mechanisms, traditionally applied in liquidity risk and interest rate risk management, can be extended to include an environmental component that enables the internalisation of costs and benefits associated with financing low-emission investments. The paper discusses the European Union’s regulatory framework and proposes practical solutions, including preferential FTP rates for green assets, additional charges for investments exposed to elevated climate risk, and the application of green liquidity curves. The analysis demonstrates that a properly calibrated green FTP framework may support banks’ sustainable development strategies, influence pricing policies and balance sheet structures, and improve access to stable funding sources. In parallel, the paper highlights implementation risks, in particular greenwashing, maturity mismatches, and potential deterioration of the risk profile, which require close integration of FTP with ALM processes and climate risk management.

Purpose: This article presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of scientific literature on phishing with particular emphasis on the banking and financial sector, aiming to identify key research trends, influential authors, and prospective development directions in the period 2003-2024.

Methodology: The study employs the bibliometrix tool and Web of Science database data comprising 4,245 documents from 2,355 sources. The analysis is characterized by an annual publication growth rate of 16.35% with an average of 13.73 citations per document. The corpus contains publications by 11,755 authors with 91,018 references, reflecting the multidisciplinary nature of the research field.

Results: IEEE Access dominates with 135 publications, while Computers & Security ranks second with 104 publications. Carnegie Mellon University leads among institutions with 75 publications. The analysis reveals evolution from traditional defense methods (2006-2015) toward artificial intelligence and blockchain technologies (2020-2024). The most frequently cited publications are works by Jagatic et al. (2007) - 540 citations and Anderson (2006) - 385 citations. Identification of two main thematic clusters indicates a dichotomy between security research and detection methods based on modeling.

Conclusions: Phishing research in the financial sector is characterized by intensive development with a paradigm shift toward personalized detection systems utilizing machine learning. Future directions include interdisciplinary research combining technical with behavioral aspects and application of blockchain technology in identity verification systems.

The purpose of this study is to analyse the issue of financing insurance premium costs, in particular the bank’s own commission when the bank acts as an insurance intermediary, in the light of the Consumer Credit Act, protective regulations and general provisions of the Civil Code.

The article applies the dogmatic-legal method, based on the interpretation of legal provisions, case law and scholarly view as well as selected soft-law instruments, including the KNF Recommendation U.

The findings confirm the admissibility of financing all insurance premium costs by the bank, while differentiating the assessment of charging interest on the financed commission. The study also identifies information duties of banks acting as intermediaries and signals that, where justified by the purpose of the credit and consumer protection, such financing may constitute a separate contractual relationship.

This publication is devoted to an analysis of the provisions of the Banking Law Act which constitute the legal basis for the Financial Supervision Authority to impose an administrative fine on an investor who has committed an administrative offence in the form of failure to comply with investor obligations. This issue is of significant importance to domestic entities, which often act as so-called reference shareholders of domestic banks. It is worth noting that the Financial Supervision Authority is aware that investor obligations incurred before 21 April 2018 are in fact unenforceable. Regardless of this awareness, the supervisory authority often expects investors in domestic banks to enter into new investor commitments with the domestic bank. For example, an investor may be required to enter into an investment agreement with a domestic bank, under which it undertakes to recapitalise the bank in the event of a threat to its liquidity or solvency.

This publication will contain a detailed analysis – to the extent possible in a scientific publication – of the motives for issuing (a commentary on) the judgment of the Provincial Administrative Court in Warsaw of 22 August 2023 (reference number: VI SA/Wa 8176/22).  The judgment was, it seems, a kind of accelerator for changes in substantive law and for the above-described actions of the Polish Financial Supervision Authority. The obvious consequence of this judgment is that the Polish Financial Supervision Authority is fully aware that investor obligations incurred by investors until 21 April 2018 are currently unenforceable. The publication will also include a description and assessment of normative solutions concerning administrative fines imposed by the KNF on investors who fail to comply with their investor obligations.