Safe Bank

Within a few days in March 2023, three banks failed in the US, Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) the 16th largest US bank was the first to fail, followed by Signature Bank (SB) and First Re- public Bank (FRB). These events recalled the 2008 collapse of Washington Mutual Bank. The immediate cause of the bankruptcy of SVB, SB and FRB was a rapid outflow of deposits, which increased the risk of a similar run on other banks in the American banking sector. This was particularly true for banks that had relatively large shares of customer deposits not covered by FDIC guarantees, had unsettled asset losses, or had significant exposures to commercial real estate in their loan portfolios. These processes have once again highli- ghted the threats to bank stability caused by the aggregate impact of tight monetary and financial policy and mismanagement of interest, liquidity and credit risk. The study analy- zes the financial situation of bankrupt banks and the medium-term projection of stability threats that may occur in banks with a similar business profile and balance sheet structure. Keywords: FRB, SBNY, SVB, deposit insurance, bank failure.

Subject and purpose of the work: The aim of this article is to analyze the threat of phishing as the main challenge to the security of digital banking. The work focuses on identifying methods of phishing attacks, assessing the effectiveness of defensive actions taken by financial institutions, and proposes solutions to minimize the risk for customers.
Materials and methods: The analysis is based on research conducted by various institutions, including CERT Polska, and on the analysis of specific cases of phishing attacks documented by these organizations. Statistical data on public awareness of phishing threats was also used. Research methods also include case studies of attacks, analysis of examples of fake banking websites and proposals for preventive actions.
Results: The analysis showed that phishing still poses a significant threat to the banking sector, and attacks of this type are often directed at customers of financial institutions. Research shows that despite defensive actions taken by banks, the effectiveness of phishing attacks remains, which indicates the need to constantly improve security strategies.
Conclusions: The work suggests that banks should continue to educate their customers in recognizing phishing threats. Moreover, introducing additional authorization methods, such as U2F keys, can provide effective protection against attacks. It is also worth paying attention to groups that are more vulnerable to phishing attacks, such as the elderly, and adapting educational activities to their needs. The work indicates the need to constantly adapt banks' security strategies to the evolving cybersecurity landscape.

The subject of this article is the inconsistency of provisions regarding money laundering between the domestic law and the EU law. The article discusses the legislative shortcomings that prevent the effective control of money laundering crimes. Without its introduction, it will not be possible to limit the phenomenon of money laundering especially in these cases. And there are more and more of them, cross border crimes and crimes commited using collective entities.

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the basics of the functioning of cooperative bank associations, with regard to the implementation of the obligations relating to the prevention of money laundering and the financing of terrorism. The article describes significant doubts from the scope of application of AML/CFT regulations by banks belonging to cooperative bank associations. The doubts mentioned above generate significant risks on the side of cooperative bank associations, which will be extremely difficult to eliminate without legislative intervention. The authors present de lege ferenda postulates and point to the need for the GIIF institution to take an unambiguous position.

The article presents issues related to the functioning of dematerialized covered bonds on financial markets. The article discusses not only the forms of functioning of covered bonds as securities, but also the role played by the dematerialization of covered bonds in the functio- ning of the securities market. The ongoing technological changes, especially in the context of the development of blockchain technology, prompt discussion on the future form of functio- ning of covered bonds in trade, and especially the possibility of their tokenization. The issues discussed in the article have not yet been comprehensively treated in the literature. The basic research goal was to demonstrate that the dematerialization of covered bonds has a positive impact on the flexibility of the issuance of these securities. Secondly, dematerialization is a safe solution for the incorporation of securities, but not completely without risks. Thirdly, and finally, although it seems technologically possible to issue covered bonds as part of toke- nization, this change requires the introduction of systemic regulatory changes. The article uses the dogmatic-legal method. Its subject was the analysis of legal provisions and their interpretation. This method made it possible to determine the applicable regula- tions in the discussed area and to notice the ongoing regulatory changes in the context of the form of functioning of covered bonds as securities.

The article presents the issues of banking ethics, in particular those included in Recommendation Z. A comparison of ethical values contained in Corporate governance principles for banks, the EBA Guidelines in the field of internal management and in Recommendation Z was made. Then, de lega lata and de lege ferenda conclusions were formulated. The implementation of the set goal required the research methods: scientific observation based on a review of the available literature, studies and source materials from the banking sector, along with analysis and inference.

This article refers to the result of an empirical study of the banking sector in Poland con- ducted between March and April 2023 (Kasiewicz, Woźniak 2024). The main objective of the study was to indicate how banks in Poland approach the development of the risk mana- gement system in the conditions of digitization of processes and to assess these activities in the perspective of 2035. The study used the CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interview) survey technique and the technique of statistical analysis of quantitative data. The article presents answers given only by bank representatives (N=127). The study verifies the hypothesis: Banks will manage to modernize the risk management system to the state of its evolution in 2035. In relation to the monograph, a different approach was made to the interpretation and commentary of the results obtained. The general conclusion that comes to mind from the survey is that banks are still well advanced in solving current problems and quite far from a decisive transition to the implementation of a new risk management paradigm.