Safe Bank

This article presents the results of an empirical study on the contribution to systemic risk of financial institutions included in the WIG-BANKI index. Daily data from the beginning of 2013 to the end of March 2021 and the “Component Expected Shortfall” method are used. The results of the calculations indicate an increase in the contribution to systemic risk of the largest financial institutions with the outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic. At the same time, periods of increased contribution are compared to ESPI’s announcements regarding the bank’s situation. The results of the analysis show that the appearance of negative information about a given institution and the interweaving of optimistic and pessimistic messages resulted in the increase in the bank’s contribution to systemic risk.

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in interest in the subject of financial stability on a global scale, mainly due to regulatory, economic, and social implications of the 2007–2009 financial crisis. Organizations supervising credit institutions play a crucial role in ensuring their financial stability. Individual supervision models functioning in European Union member states differ from each other, for example in the degree of the central bank’s involvement in supervising activities. After the financial crisis, the supervision of the largest and most connected financial institutions operating across borders was unified to improve the security and stability of banking system in countries around the world.

As a result of deliberations on the legal regulation of the deposit guarantee system in Poland, on December 15, 1994, the Bank Guarantee Fund began operating. The purpose of the Fund’s operations is to take measures to ensure the stability of the domestic financial system, in particular by ensuring the functioning of the mandatory deposit guarantee system and conducting resolution. This institution aims to ensure balance in the banking sector, while maintaining the continuity of fundamental financial and economic functions and minimizing potential threats transferred from a failed financial institution to the economic and banking sphere of the country.
Key words: Bank Guarantee Fund, deposit guarantee, deposit guarantee system

Numerous public interventions undertaken during the crisis of 2007–2009 to save failing banks initiated an international debate on the creation of a mechanism that would prevent the necessity to charge the state financially for errors or failings of individual economic entities. Therefore, regulations were introduced into the international legal order that define resolution – compulsory restructuring and orderly liquidation, the task of which was to systematically reduce the costs of saving institutions struggling with financial problems. The article presents the legislative process of implementing the resolution and an analysis of case studies of the application of the procedure in European Union Member States, including Poland.

Credit unions (SKOKs) are a specific example of shadow banking institution. Deep changes in range of conditions of their functioning create an important field of research regarding the impact of a financial safety net on the activity of the shadow banking sector. The article presents a study of selected issues connected with the influence of a financial safety net on the functioning of shadow banking institutions on example of SKOKs.
The article verifies the hypothesis concerning a growth of social trust toward SKOKs because of their participation in deposit guarantee scheme provided by BFG and supervised by KNF. Thanks to the undertaken research it was demonstrated that despite of SKOKs being included in financial safety net components, most consumers still choose banks as their deposit and loan facility, because they do not trust SKOKs. From the clients’ perspective, there has been some improvement in SKOKs’ image, however it is not a big enough difference that could encourage clients to decide to try SKOKs services, while there is a significant difference on the economic cost side. There has been a growth in charger to the BFG for the payoffs of guaranteed sums and subsidies to the acquiring entities after a series of bankruptcies and acquisitions in the SKOK sector (after the review of the existing financial statements), after the inclusion of the SKOKs in the deposit guarantee scheme and into the KNF’s supervision.

Loans denominated and indexed to the Swiss franc were introduced to the banks’ offer and granted on a massive scale in the years 2004–2008. This was mainly due to the dynamic development of the real estate market and insufficient domestic capital to finance its development, as well as the favourable interest rate disparity and appreciation of the Polish currency zloty from 2004 to July 2008. From August 2008, there was a sharp appreciation of the Helvetic currency, which, combined with the collapse of the swap market, resulted in the materialization of a market risk. Moreover, the appreciation of the zloty contributed to an increase in the LTV ratio as compared to zloty loans, which means that loans indexed to the CHF exchange rate may be characterized by increased credit risk. In 2019, after the high judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union was issued, the likelihood of legal risk materialization increased. It should be emphasized that the conducted analysis proved that despite the above-mentioned risks related to loans indexed to CHF, the stability of the Polish banking sector is not directly threatened, inter alia due to higher capital requirements than in other EU countries. However, the author proposes actions that should be taken by safety net institutions to alleviate the problem.

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