Safe Bank

This article presents a new method designed to measure the strength of market discipline in banking using synthetic indexes. Their main advantage – as compared to traditional methods of market discipline analysis – is the ease of comparisons in time and space. Apart from that, they enable us to establish the determinants of the proper functioning of market discipline. Based on banks’ financial statements we calculated and presented the values of the indexes for almost 80 countries. The indexes, despite differences in their construction, classify countries in a similar way with respect to the exercised strength of market discipline through the cost
of capital and its availability. In an example we use the indexes to analyze determinants of market discipline and show that the influence of widely understood education is conditional on safety net arrangements and a country’s wealth.

The publication presents a comparative analysis of new regulations in American and European law which aim to reduce systemic risk in the financial market. The new legislations: Dodd–Frank Act Title VII, pertaining to US Persons, and The European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR), applicable to European entities were implemented as a result of the Global Financial Crisis, which affected all markets worldwide in 2007. The publication is divided into three chapters. The first chapter contains a genesis and systematic analysis of market conditions which led to the global financial crisis (GFC). In the second chapter a comparative analysis was conducted of the two main regulations implemented as a result of the GFC. The main categories in the scope of comparison were the financial product type, entities subject to regulation, territoriality, clearing obligations, reporting obligations and the right to engage in proprietary trading. The last chapter covers an analysis of the newly implemented reforms and the impact they will have on the entities in scope. Increased transparency and regulation, as well as standardization of products are bound to raise costs, particularly in the short run. Global business strategies will have to factor in the costs and benefits associated with participating in the OTC derivatives market.

The world of finance has experienced one of the most severe crises since the Great Depression in 1930s. As an answer to the crisis, many new regulations are being introduced in order to prevent the next economic turmoil. One of them is Basel III and, implementing it in Europe, CRDIV and CRR. The aim of these documents is to strengthen the capital position of banks to make them resistant to crises. New regulations, however, will have a significant influence on the economy. In this paper, the author assesses the impact of the new capital requirements on the Polish banking sector and, as a consequence, on the Polish economy

The structural liquidity gap constitutes the most serious systemic risk in Polish banking market. Long term loans, and particularly mortgage loans, are financed by short term deposits. The key instrument to help solve this problem could be covered bonds, which are a type of well collateralized bond issued by mortgage banks. Presently, mainly due to weak economics under the current regulations, there are just two mortgage banks in Poland, and the share of covered bonds in financing mortgage loans is marginal. This article describes recommendations to develop covered bonds to increase the stability of the Polish financial market.

As a result of legislative changes in the Co-operative Savings and Credit Union sector, the safety of depositors has increased but the financial burdens of these institutions has also undergone a change. The article examines the impact of regulatory changes on the financial standing of credit unions. On the basis of selected categories of financial burdens, a slight increase in cost and the role of the National Association of Co-operative Savings and Credit Union have been identified. The study shows that the regulations pertaining to provisions for delinquent loans have the greatest impact on the activity of credit unions. The amount of provisions is
increasing also due to the deteriorating quality of the loan portfolio of these cooperatives

In the research perspective focusing on organizational institutionalism, the concept of institutional logics is adopted. Taking into account the existing achievements and knowledge in the defined area of study, the analysis was focused on the process of creating safety in the financial sector.

The key point was to draw attention to capturing the sense of safety from the perspective of a member of the organization, functioning in complex social and organizational structures. The main goal was a comprehensive description and understanding of the process of creating safety. The main results are: identification of a constellation of three institutional logics in the cooperative banks organizational field (banking logic, cooperative and regulatory logics), building a model of changes in the field of cooperative banks in Poland, by means of a combination of micro and macro analysis.

On a level of management practices, the research is the starting point for indepth analysis of the symbols and language as carriers of values and meaning in financial institutions not previously mentioned in Polish publications.